A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument A musical instrument is constructed or used for the purpose of making the sounds of music. In principle, anything that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology, like the various accordions Danish : Accordeon. Danish (standard-bass), Hungarian & Icelandic: Harmonika. French: Accordéon. German: Akkordeon. Italian: Fisarmonica. Norwegian: Trekkspill. Polish: Akordeon, harmonia. Russian: Bajan. Swedish: Dragspel and the harmonica The harmonica, also called harp, French harp, Blues harp, and mouth organ, is a free reed wind instrument used primarily in blues and American folk music, jazz, country music, and rock and roll. It is played by blowing air into it or drawing air out by placing lips over individual holes or multiple holes. The pressure caused by blowing or drawing. It has a bellows and buttons typically on both ends of it. When pressed, the buttons travel in the same direction as the bellows, unlike accordion buttons which travel perpendicularly to it. Also, each button produces one note, while accordions typically can produce chords with a single button.

The concertina was developed in England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant and Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, most likely independently. The English version was invented in 1829 by Sir Charles Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS , was a British scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development and a patent for an improved version was filed by him in 1844. The German version was announced in 1834 by Carl Friedrich Uhlig.

Contents

Types (Systems)

The word concertina refers to a family of hand-held bellows-driven free reed instruments constructed according to various systems. The systems differ in:

Because the concertina was developed nearly contemporaneously in England and Germany, systems can be broadly divided into English, German, and Anglo-German types. To a player proficient in one of these systems, a concertina constructed according to a different system may be quite unfamiliar.

The most common concertina systems are listed below. The list is not exhaustive, as the concertina is not only a venerable and widespread instrument, but also an evolving instrument: modern experiments in concertina construction include chromatic scales offering more than 12 steps per octave In music, an octave ( Play ) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon which has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music," the use of which is "common in most musical systems." It may be derived from the harmonic series as the, and instruments which allow the pitch of the notes to be sharped or flatted by the performer.

English type

English style concertinas traditionally share several features:

English concertina

English Concertina disassembled, showing bellows, reedpan and buttons.

The eponymous English concertina is a fully chromatic Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, especially when applied to contrasting features of the common practice music of the period 1600–1900 instrument having buttons in a rectangular arrangement of four staggered rows, with the short side of the rectangle addressing the wrist. The invention of the instrument is credited to Sir Charles Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS , was a British scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development; his earliest patent of a like instrument was granted 19 December 1829, No 5803 in Great Britain Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 61.8 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of. The two innermost rows of the layout constitute a diatonic C major scale In music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven distinct notes, plus an eighth which duplicates the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si（Do)". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major,, distributed alternately between the two sides of the instrument. Thus in a given range, C-E-G-B-d is on one side, D-F-A-c-e on the other. The two outer rows consist of the sharps and flats required to complete the chromatic scale. This distribution of scale notes between sides facilitates rapid melodic play. (Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (18 March [O.S. 6 March] 1844 – 21 June [O.S. 8 June] 1908)[a 1] was a Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as The Five.[a 2] He was a master of orchestration. His best-known orchestral compositions—Capriccio Espagnol, the Russian Easter Festival Overture, and the symphonic suite's "Flight of the Bumblebee" was transcribed for English concertina early in the instrument's history.). But it also renders chords somewhat more difficult to learn than scales.

Giulio Regondi was a virtuoso performer and composer on this instrument as well as the guitar, and helped to popularize the instrument during the 19th century. Allan Atlas, in his book "The Wheatstone Concertina in Victorian England" identifies six known concertos written for this instrument. There are still many sonatas and other pieces that survive.

The English concertina is typically held by placing the thumbs The thumb is the first digit of the hand. When a person is standing in the medical anatomical position , the thumb is the lateral-most digit. The Medical Latin English adjective for thumb is pollical through thumb straps and the little fingers on metal finger rests, leaving three fingers free for noting. Alternately, both the fourth and little fingers support the metal finger rest, leaving two fingers for noting. In the classical style of Regondi, the little finger is used as well as the other three fingers and the metal finger rests are used only very occasionally. This allows all eight fingers to simultaneously play the instrument so large chords are possible. In pieces such as the Wilhelm Bernhardt Molique "Concerto No 1 in G for concertina and orchestra", or Percy Grainger Percy Grainger's father, John Harry Grainger, was a successful and talented architect who grew up in France and was educated in a monastery school in Yvetot. He emigrated from London, England in 1876. John Grainger's business partner and best friend was David Mitchell, the father of Nellie Melba. Mitchell was determined to prevent Nellie from's "Shepherd's Hey", four, five and six note chords are not uncommon, and would be difficult or impossible to play without using all the fingers.

Duet concertina

Instruments built according to various duet systems are less common than other concertinas. Duet concertina systems were developed in order to simplify playing a melody with an accompaniment. To this end the various duet systems feature button layouts that provide the lower (bass A clef is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. Placed on one of the lines at the beginning of the staff, it indicates the name and pitch of the notes on that line. This line serves as a reference point by which the names of the notes on any other line or space of the staff may be determined) notes in the left hand and the higher (treble A clef is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. Placed on one of the lines at the beginning of the staff, it indicates the name and pitch of the notes on that line. This line serves as a reference point by which the names of the notes on any other line or space of the staff may be determined) notes in the right, with some overlap (like a two-manual organ The organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with the invention of the hydraulis. By around the). They are unisonoric. The most common duet systems for concertina are the Maccann System and the Crane system (also adopted by the Salvation Army The Salvation Army is an evangelical Christian church known for charitable work. It is an international movement that currently works in 121 countries. It has its International Headquarters at 101 Queen Victoria Street, London, England under the name Triumph). Rarer are the Jeffries and Wheatstone duet systems. The newer Hayden System was conceived in the 1960s. The layout was initially proposed and patented by Kaspar Wicki in Switzerland Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation (Confœderatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe[note 4] where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to in 1896, but no known instruments were constructed with the Wicki layout, and Hayden was unaware of Wicki's patent when developing his system. Most duet systems are held by placing the hands through a leather strap, with the thumbs outside of the strap and the palms resting on wooden bars, though some Wheatstone models use the thumb strap of the English concertina.

German type

German style concertinas traditionally share several features:

Frequently, German concertinas also use more than one reed for each note to produce a fuller sound. Depending on the manufacturer, each note may have up to five reeds spread across three octaves In music, an octave ( Play ) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon which has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music," the use of which is "common in most musical systems." It may be derived from the harmonic series as the. Sometimes these reeds may be slightly out of tune with each other in order to produce a vibrato Vibrato is a musical effect consisting of a regular pulsating change of pitch. It is used to add expression to vocal and instrumental music. Vibrato can be characterised by the amount of pitch variation and speed with which the pitch is varied ("speed of vibrato") effect; this is called wet, musette, or Chicago tuning. With dry or Minnesota tuning the reeds are in tune with each other and do not produce this effect. There is also the traditional tuning of an octave spread as establish by Herr Lange in the nineteenth century.

Chemnitzer concertina

Chemnitzer concertina made by Star Mfg., Cicero, Illinois, USA in 2000

There are various German A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, concertina systems which share common construction features and core button layout. In the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, particularly in the Midwest The Midwestern United States is one of the four geographic regions within the United States of America used by the United States Census Bureau in its reporting, the term "concertina" often refers to the Chemnitzer concertina. Chemnitzer Concertinas are bisonoric (see above) and are closely related to the bandoneón The bandoneón is a type of concertina particularly popular in Argentina and Uruguay. It plays an essential role in the orquesta tipica, the tango orchestra. The bandoneón, called bandonion by its German inventor, Heinrich Band , was originally intended as an instrument for religious music and the popular music of the day, in contrast to its, but with a somewhat different keyboard layout and decorative style, with some mechanical innovations pioneered by German-American German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German instrument builder and inventor Otto Schlicht.

Bandonion or bandoneón

Of special note is the bandonion or bandoneón The bandoneón is a type of concertina particularly popular in Argentina and Uruguay. It plays an essential role in the orquesta tipica, the tango orchestra. The bandoneón, called bandonion by its German inventor, Heinrich Band , was originally intended as an instrument for religious music and the popular music of the day, in contrast to its, a German concertina system the original bisonoric layout of which was devised by Heinrich Band. This type of concertina is traditionally featured in Tango music Tango is a style of syncopated ballroom dance music in 2/4 or 4/4 time that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay . It is traditionally played by a sextet, known as the orquesta típica, which includes two violins, piano, doublebass, and two bandoneons. Earlier forms of this ensemble sometimes included flute, due to the instrument's popularity in Argentina The Argentine claims in Antarctica along with the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands (administered by the United Kingdom) shown in light green in the late 19th century when Tango developed from the various dance styles in Argentina The Argentine claims in Antarctica along with the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands (administered by the United Kingdom) shown in light green and Uruguay Uruguay (pronounced /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ [citation needed], Spanish pronunciation: [uɾuˈɣwai]), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay, pronounced [reˈpuβlika oɾjenˈtal del uɾuˈɣwai]), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of. When Tango spread as a fashionable dance to Paris Paris ([paʁi] in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated in the early 20 century, the Bandoneón was adapted with a new unisonoric finguring option known as the French or Piguri system. The bisonoric layout is often preferred as the more 'traditional' option. Bandoneóns with more than one reed for each note are typically dry-tuned. One of the most famous exponents of this instrument was Astor Piazzolla.

Anglo concertina

A 36 button Anglo concertina by AC Norman of Shropshire.

The Anglo or Anglo-German concertina is historically a hybrid between the English and German types of concertinas. The button layouts are generally the same as the original 20-button German concertinas designed by Uhlig in 1834. Within a few years of that date, the German concertina was a popular import in England, Ireland and North America, due to its ease of use and relatively low price. Due to this popularity, English manufacturers began offering their own versions built using traditional English methods: concertina reeds instead of long-plate reeds, independent pivots for each button, and hexagon In geometry, a hexagon is a polygon with six edges and six vertices. A regular hexagon has Schläfli symbol {6}. The total of the internal angles of any hexagon is 720 degrees-shaped ends. Initially the term Anglo-German only applied to the concertinas of this type built in England. But as German manufacturers adopted some of these techniques, the term came to apply to all concertinas that used the 20-button system patented by Uhlig. Use of the "German" part of the title Anglo-German ceased in the UK during World War I World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were.

The heart of the Anglo system consists of two 10-button rows, each of which produces a diatonic Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, especially when applied to contrasting features of the common practice music of the period 1600–1900 major scale in a pattern devised around 1826 by a Bohemian A Bohemian is a resident of the former Kingdom of Bohemia, either in a narrow sense as the region or Bohemia proper or in a wider meaning as the whole country, now known as the Czech Republic. The word "Bohemian" used to denote the Czech people as well as the Czech language before the word "Czech" became prevalent in English called Richter for use in a harmonica. Five buttons of each row are on each side. The two rows are musically a fifth apart; for example, if the row closest to the player's wrist is in the key of G, the next outer row is in the key of C below. An advantage of the Richter scale is that pressing three adjacent notes in one row produces a major triad. Also, because the travel direction inverts as you progress up the scale, at the point where the scale crosses from one side of the concertina to the other octaves can be played in the home keys.

A third row of extra notes was eventually added, loosely derived from the C# scale, consisting of accidentals and notes which already existed in the diatonic rows but in opposite bisonoric orientation to make additional chords possible and certain melodic passages easier. At this point the instrument was "chromatic" over two octaves, but not every chord or other note combination was available in either push or draw. There is little variation between makers and models in the layout of the notes in the core diatonic rows, but somewhat more variation in the number and layout of the helper notes. The two most common layouts of this 30-button variety are the Jeffries and Lachenal systems. Layouts with 36, 38 and 40 buttons are not uncommon, and a few anglos have as many as 55 keys (such as the one John Spiers plays). Instruments in the key of C/G are most typical; other key combinations are also available, the keys of G/D and Bf/F being the most common alternatives. Bf/F and Af/Ef were popular with the Salvation Army.

The Anglo concertina is typically held by placing the hands through a leather strap, with the thumbs outside the strap and the palms resting on wooden bars. This arrangement leaves four fingers of each hand free for noting and the thumbs free to operate an air valve (for expanding or contracting the bellows without sounding a note) or a drone. Anglo concertinas are often associated with the music of Ireland The indigenous music of the island is termed Irish traditional music. It has remained vibrant through the 20th, and into the 21st century, despite globalizing cultural forces. In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music influences from Britain and the United States, Irish music has kept many of its traditional aspects and has, although they are also used in other musical contexts, particularly in music for the English Morris dance A morris dance is a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers. Implements such as sticks, swords, handkerchiefs and bells may also be wielded by the dancers. In a small number of dances for one or two men, steps are performed near and and Boeremusiek. Famous English players of the Anglo include Scan Tester, John Spiers, William Kimber, and John Kirkpatrick.

George Jones is often credited as the first English maker of the chromatic Anglo concertina. British firms active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries include those founded by Charles Wheatstone, Charles Jeffries (who built primarily Anglo-style concertinas), Louis Lachenal (who built concertinas in both English and Anglo styles and was the most prolific manufacturer of the period), and John Crabb.

Franglo

The Franglo system concertina was developed by the widely respected luthiers C & R Dipper, in co-operation with Emmanuel Pariselle, renowned for his expertise as a professional player of the two and a half row diatonic melodeon. The system has the construction and reedwork of a concertina but with the button layout of a melodeon. The name Franglo is derived from the words French and Anglo.

History

German concertina. Mid 19th Century.

In the mid 1830s concertinas were manufactured and sold in Germany and England, in two types specific to the country. Both systems continued to evolve into the current forms as the popularity of the instrument increased. The difference in prices and the common uses of the English and German systems led to something of a class distinction between the two types of the instrument. German or Anglo-German concertinas were regarded as a lower-class instrument and English concertina had an air of bourgeois respectability. English concertinas were most popular as parlour instruments for classical music, while the German concertinas were more associated with the popular dance music of the day.

In the 1850s, Anglo-German concertina's ability to play both melody and accompaniment led English manufacturers to start developing the various Duet systems, and the popular Maccann system were developed towards the end of the century. Meanwhile, German manufacturers were producing concertinas with more than 20 buttons for local sale. Three keyboard systems for German Concertinas eventually became popular: Uhlig's Chemnitzer system, Carl Zimmerman's Carlsfeld system, and the Bandoneón's Reinische system. Several efforts were made by the various German manufacturers to develop a single unified keyboard system for all German concertinas; but this was only partially accomplished at the end of the 19th century when the Chemnitzer and Carlsfelder systems were merged into the unified concertina system and a unified bandoneón system was created. Despite the new standards, the older systems remained popular into the 20th century.

Throughout the 19th century, the concertina was a popular instrument. The Salvation Army The Salvation Army is an evangelical Christian church known for charitable work. It is an international movement that currently works in 121 countries. It has its International Headquarters at 101 Queen Victoria Street, London, England in England, America, Australia For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of the roughly 250 language groups. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north and discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by the British and New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori language name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also commonly used concertinas in their bands A musical ensemble is a group of two or more musicians who perform instrumental or vocal music. In each musical style different norms have developed for the sizes and composition of different ensembles, and for the repertoire of songs or musical works that these ensembles perform, and other concertina bands and musicians performed in all parts of the English speaking world. German emigrants carried their Chemnizter and bandoneóns with them to the United States and Argentina The Argentine claims in Antarctica along with the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands (administered by the United Kingdom) shown in light green, respectively, where they were regionally popular. In England, the United States and Australia the concertina became nearly ubiquitous.

In early 20th century, this popularity started to rapidly decline. Reasons included the growing relative popularity of the accordion, the mass production of other instruments such as the piano, increasingly chromatic and less tonal forms of music such as blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre created primarily within the African-American communities in the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and and jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. Its West African pedigree, and the overall decline of amateur musical performance due to radio Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing some property of the radiated waves, such as and the phonograph The phonograph, record player, or gramophone was the most common device for playing sound recordings from the late 1870s until the late 1980s. By the middle of the century, very few concertina makers remained, and most of those used accordion reeds and inexpensive, unreliable button mechanisms. Yet the various forms of concertina survived in some areas: Anglo concertinas in Irish traditional music, the English and the Anglo in English Morris dancing A morris dance is a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers. Implements such as sticks, swords, handkerchiefs and bells may also be wielded by the dancers. In a small number of dances for one or two men, steps are performed near and, the Anglo in Africa, among Afrikaaners (see Boer music) and Zulus (who call it a "squashbox"), the Chemnitzer in the United States as a polka instrument, and the bandoneón in Argentina as a prominent part of the Tango tradition. During the period between World War I and World War II there were many concertina and bandonion bands in Germany; but with the rise of the Nazi regime these musical clubs disappeared.

The folk revival movements of the 1960s led to a modest resurgence in the popularity of the concertina particularly the Anglo. More recently the popularity of the concertina again seems to be experiencing a resurgence, particularly the Anglo in the traditional music of Ireland. Renewed interest in tango since the 1980s has also seen interest in the Bandoneón increase.

Currently there are at least eleven makers of traditional hand-made concertinas, in Europe, South Africa, Australia and North America. They use mainly traditional construction techniques and hand-made reeds, and generally offer many options for the type of concertina, materials, decoration, button layouts, tuning, and other customizations. Quality traditional concertinas require labour and high skill to produce, so prices can be high and waiting lists measured in years. Cheap mass-produced accordion reeded instruments are less reliable. Since the mid-1970s,[1] hand-made accordion-reeded concertinas have become a high-quality cheaper alternative. They are mainly made using traditional building techniques, and some are built customized to order, but the traditional design is adapted to use mass-produced accordion reeds to significantly reduce production cost and time. They are commonly called "hybrids", although some manufacturers object to this term.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A.C.Norman - maker since 1976

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Concertinas
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Concertina.
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Accordions Bayan · Cajun accordion · Chromatic button accordion · Diatonic button accordion/Melodeon · Flutina · Garmon' · Livenka · Piano accordion · Saratovskaya Garmonika · Schrammel accordion · Schwyzerörgeli · Steirische Harmonika · Trikitixa
Concertinas Bandoneón · Chemnitzer concertina

Categories: Keyboard instruments | Sets of free reeds | English inventions | Irish musical instruments

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